Altruism,tit for tat and ‘outlaw’ genes

Summary In a prior study we combined game theory and inclusive fitness models to examine whether the guarded altruism that can evolve among non-relatives (tit for tat, TFT) might also evolve among close relatives, supplanting unconditional altruism. In most cases, TFT replaced unconditional altruism in family-structured models. Even when TFT is selected at a single locus, however, by withholding altruism from non-reciprocating relatives it may qualify as an outlaw from the standpoint of modifier genes at other loci. Here we examine this possibility with a series of haploid, two-locus models in which a modifier gene transforms TFT into unconditional altruism. The modifier allele spreads to fixation whenever Hamilton's Rule is satisfied, resulting in an unconditional altruist replacing the TFT strategy. As such, TFT may be regarded as an outlaw vulnerable to suppression by alleles at other loci.     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性和敏感品系的选育

用氰戊菊酯对来自阳谷的棉铃虫(YG)Heliothis armigera(Hubncr) 进行抗性晶系的筛选。在15代期间经过9代的室内选育,获得抗性品系(Fcn-R),抗性倍数高达2“3倍,筛选后F₁₅代LD₅₀值(24.1412μg/头)比筛选前F1代lD₅₀值(0.2020μg/头)提高了119.5倍。对来自偃师的棉铃虫(YS)进行了连续两代单对筛选,得到敏感品系(Fen-S),敏感晶系的LD50值为0.0116μg/头,接近1983年东台敏感晶系的LD₅₀值(0.0098μg/头)Fcn-R抗性晶系筛选前后分别测定了七种杀虫剂的剂量-死亡回归线,发现Fen-R抗性品系对溴氰菊酯[LD₅₀(Fen-R)/LD₅₀(YG)=5.2X] 和氯氰菊酯(2.5X)具有一定程度的交互抗性;而对功夫菊酯(0.66X),氯菊酯(0.89x)、灭多威(0.74X)及久效磷(1.5x)没有交互抗性。氰戊菊酯加Pb的增效试验结果表明棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性主要是由于多功能氧化酶的代谢作用。毒理学资料还暗示抗性为多因子(基因)的。     

人脑髓鞘碱性蛋白cDNA体外扩增、克隆和鉴定

采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从人脑cDNA文库中扩增出600bp的髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)cDNA片段,与载体pGEM-3Zf(+)平端连接.重组质粒DNA转化宿主菌JM109,在含X-gal和IPTG的平板上直接筛选阳性克隆.限制性内切酶分析和成套引物扩增鉴定证明,该克隆含有7个外显子的21.5kD人脑MBP全长编码序列.     

几种氨基酸─铜（Ⅱ）配合物的超氧化物歧化酶活性

用四氮唑蓝光化学还原法对所合成的ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ｓｅｒ）·２Ｈ２Ｏ、ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ａｌａ）·Ｈ２Ｏ、Ｃｕ（ＩＤＡ）（ｅｎ）、ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ｇｌｙ）·Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｃｕ（ＩＤＡ）·２Ｈ２Ｏ（ＩＤＡ＝Ｎ（羧基甲基）－甘氨酸,Ｓｅｒ＝丝氨酸,Ａｌａ＝丙氨酸,ｅｎ＝乙二胺,Ｇｌｙ＝甘氨酸）等５种氨基酸─铜（Ⅱ）配合物进行了活性测定,发现它们均具有天然超氧化物歧化酶活性,其活性依次为０．３４、０．４５、０．５０、０．５４、０．７２Ｃｕμｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。     

Anostraca,Notostraca, Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata of Pannonian region and in its Austrian area

The northwestern area of the Pannonian Lowland extends into Austria. The climatic and hydrologic attributes of this biographic region promote the existence of extremely astatic bodies water lacking any fish and hence the occurrence of Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata. Zoogeographical and ecological features as well as the extinction of species due to anthropogenic influence are described.Dedicated to Prof. Dr F. Berger, Lunz, Austria, on the occasion of his 90th birthdayDedicated to Prof. Dr F. Berger, Lunz, Austria, on the occasion of his 90th birthday     

Further Evidence for Multiple Forms of an N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Recognition Domain in Rat Brain Using Membrane Binding Techniques

Abstract— Pretreatment with sulfhydryl-reactive agents, such as N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuriphenylsul-fonic acid, invariably resulted in marked inhibition of the binding of dl -(E)-2-amino-4-[³H]propyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid ([³H]CGP 39653), a competitive antagonist at an N-methyl-d -aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive subclass of central excitatory amino acid receptors, in brain synaptic membranes extensively washed and treated with Triton X-100, but did not significantly affect the binding of L-[³H]-glutamic acid ([³H]Glu), an endogenous agonist. The pre-treatment was effective in reducing the binding of [³H]-CGP 39653 at equilibrium, without altering the initial association rate, and decreased the affinity for the ligand. Pretreatment with sulfhydryl-reactive agents also enhanced the potencies of NMDA agonists to displace [³H]-CGP 39653 binding and attenuated those of NMDA antagonists, but had little effect on the potencies of the agonists and antagonists to displace [³H]Glu binding. The binding of both [³H]CGP 39653 and [³H]Glu was similarly sensitive to pretreatment with four different proteases in Tritontreated membranes, whereas pretreatment with phospho-lipase A₂ or C markedly inhibited [³H]CGP 39653 binding without altering [³H]Glu binding. Moreover, both phospho-lipases not only induced enhancement of the abilities of NMDA agonists to displace the binding of [³H]CGP 39653 and [³H]Glu, but also caused diminution of those of NMDA antagonists. These results suggest that both sulfhydryl-reactive agents and phospholipases may predominantly interfere with radiolabeling of the NMDA recognition domain in a state favorable to an antagonist by [³H]CGP 39653, with concomitant facilitation of that in an agonist-preferring form by [³H]Glu. The possible presence of multiple forms of the NMDA recognition domain is further supported by these data.     

Neuronal types in the spinal dorsal gray of the turtle Chrysemys d'orbigny: a Golgi study

At thoracic and lumbar levels the spinal dorsal gray of young specimens of the turtle Chrysemys d'orbigny consists of a cell-free neuropil and an aggregation of perikarya termed here the lateral column of the dorsal horn (LCDH). Nerve cell clusters also occur in the dorsal commissure. The main neuropil area can be divided into a thin superficial layer containing some myelinated fibers (neuropil area Ib) and a compact core composed of unmyelinated axon terminals, dendritic branches, and thin glial processes (neuropil area II). A looser neuropil area is located at the horn base (neuropil area III). The so-called marginal zone of de Lange represents a fourth synaptic field termed here neuropil area Ia. The LCDH consists of neurons of different size and shape. Two peculiar nerve cell types have been recognized in the dorsal horn: giant and bitufted neurons. The former exhibits a large dendritic arbor, which after passing through neuropil areas II and Ib projects into neuropil area Ia and the adjacent white matter. Most frequently Golgi-stained giant neurons have perikarya and dendritic domains on the same side (ipsilateral giant neurons). There are also heterolateral giant neurons whose dendritic branches invade the opposite horn. Bitufted neurons are characterized by the presence of two main dendritic shafts connecting neuropil area II of both dorsal horns. At neuropil levels the major dendritic branches ramify profusely giving rise to short tortuous terminal processes. Perikarya of bitufted neurons occur in the dorsal commissure. The LCDH also contains many small and medium-sized neurons. These are oriented in two main directions: parallel or radial with respect to the dorsal horn surface. The population of horizontally oriented neurons comprises two subtypes termed here alpha and beta. Radially oriented neurons are pleomorphic, defying precise, unequivocal classification.     

中国优质水果资源的分布与适宜生态环境

根据农业部在80年代两次组织评选出的全国189个优质水果产地的生态环境资料,用微型电子计算机系统建立数据库,统计分析柑桔、苹果和梨优质产品的构成比例、产区分布地域及其适宜的环境指标和主栽品种的生态适应性,为果树良种区域化栽培与选育提供依据。     

利用饵料微藻表达抗菌肽及其初步应用

为了解抗菌肽在饵料微藻中表达后的抗菌特性,构建海洋微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)、湖泊微拟球藻(N.limnetica)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的抗菌肽(源自虹鳟,Cath-1a)表达质粒,分别转化相应的微藻,检测转化子中抗菌肽的表达量和体外抑菌效果,将藻株作为鱼饲料添加剂喂食斑马鱼,初步分析了抗菌肽及藻体自身的岩藻黄素和多不饱和脂肪酸对鱼免疫系统的影响。结果表明,外源抗菌肽在3种微藻中均可以成功表达,体外抑菌试验表明,仅三角褐指藻对水产领域常见致病菌爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)有一定的抑菌效果,然而抗菌肽的表达并未使3种藻株的体外抑菌性增加。添加藻粉对斑马鱼的生长无明显影响,通过检测鱼体肝脏中与抗氧化和免疫相关基因的表达水平及丙二醛的含量,表明添加藻粉可增强斑马鱼的抗氧化和抗炎症能力,表达抗菌肽(PtC组)能进一步提高斑马鱼的免疫力。另外,添加Pt6(富含岩藻黄素)藻粉组比添加PtC的抗炎效果更显著,表明三角褐指藻中的岩藻黄素和二十碳五烯酸对增强鱼的抗病能力具有潜在作用。     

G418对IL—2基因包装细胞的筛选

本文用高浓度的G418(800μg/ml)和低浓度的G418(200μg/ml)对包装细胞PLXSN/IL-2/PA317细胞进行40天的选择筛选培养,使其细胞呈稳定状态生长时,收集上清液转染NIH/3T3细胞,进行病毒滴度测定。试图在高选择标记的情况下筛选出高表达目的基因的包装细胞。实验结果表明:高、低浓度的G418对PLXSN/IL-2/PA317包装细胞的选择作用相同,即包装细胞的病毒滴度同选择标记物浓度无关。提示可用低浓度的G418来维持包装细胞的生命。